A 2010 systematic review found that most studies suggest spinal manipulation achieves equivalent or superior improvement in pain and function when compared with other commonly used interventions for short, intermediate, and long-term follow-up.

Dagenais S, Gay RE, Tricco AC, Freeman MD, Mayer JM (October 2010). “NASS Contemporary Concepts in Spine Care: spinal manipulation therapy for acute low back pain”. Spine J 10 (10): 918-40 http://ow.ly/i/x3blR