A large number of factors have been identified as causes of trigger point activation. These include acute or chronic overload of muscle tissue, disease, psychological distress, systemic inflammation, homeostatic imbalances, direct trauma, radiculopathy, infections, and lifestyle choices such as smoking. Trigger points form as a local contraction of muscle fibres in a muscle or bundle of muscle fibres. These can pull on ligaments and tendons associated with the muscle which can cause pain to be felt deep inside a joint. It is theorized that trigger points form from excessive release of acetylcholine causing sustained depolarization of muscle fibres. Trigger points present an abnormal biochemical composition with elevated levels of acetylcholine, noradrenaline and serotonin and a lower ph. The contracted fibres in a trigger point constricts blood supply to the area creating an energy crisis in the tissue that results in the production of sensitizing substances that interact with pain receptors producing pain. When trigger points are present in a muscle there is often pain and weakness in the associated structures. These pain patterns follow specific nerve pathways that have been well mapped to allow for accurate diagnosis or the causative pain factor.
Arm Pain
Diagnosis of trigger points.
Diagnosis of trigger points typically takes into account symptoms, pain patterns, and manual palpation. When palpating the therapist will feel for a taut band of muscle with a hard nodule within it. Often a local twitch response will be elicited by running a finger perpendicular to the muscle fibres direction. Pressure applied to the trigger point will often reproduce the pain complaint of the patient and the referral pattern of the trigger point. Often there is a heat differential in the local area of the trigger point. 
Trigger points in the biceps Brachii muscle.
The Bicep Brachii is perhaps the most recognizable muscle in the body. It’s the muscle that is most often flexed when someone says ” show me your muscles”. It is composed of two heads, the long head and the short head. The short head originates on the coracoid process of the scapula, and the long head on the supraglenoid tubercle. Both heads merge to insert on the radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis into the deep fascia on the medial part of the forearm. The main actions of this muscle are elbow flexion and forearm supination(rotation with the palm of the hand going upward). This muscle also assists shoulder flexion. Trigger points in this muscle mainly refer pain into the shoulder, with spillover into the posterior aspect above the scapula. A less common referral is into the anterior elbow and forearm. 
What is a trigger point
Dr Janet travel coined the term trigger point in 1942 to describe clinical findings with characteristics of pain related a discrete irritable point in muscle or fascia that was not caused by acute trauma, inflammation, degeneration, neoplasm or infection. The painful point can be palpated as a nodule or tight band in the muscle that can produce a local twitch response when stimulated. Palpation of the trigger point reproduces the pain and symptoms of the patient and the pain radiates in a predictable referral pattern specific to the muscle harbouring the trigger point.
Biceps Tendon Injury. The “suns out, guns out” injury.
Your biceps muscle attaches to your shoulder through two strong fibrous bands called “tendons.” The term “biceps tendinitis” means that one of these bands has become painfully irritated from strain or degeneration. Sometimes the tendon may be strained by an accident or lifting injury. Biceps tendinitis more often results from repeated pinching of the tendon beneath the bony part of your shoulder
from a condition called “impingement.” Repeated overhead activity, like throwing, swimming, gymnastics, and racquet sports are known culprits. Biceps tendinitis is often accompanied by other conditions, like rotator cuff tears or injuries to the cartilage around the rim of your shoulder joint. Factors that make you more likely to develop biceps tendinitis include: improper lifting techniques, inflexibility, poor posture, or repetitive overloading.
Your symptoms likely include a deep, throbbing ache over the front of your shoulder. The pain often refers toward the outside of your arm. The main job of your biceps muscle is to flex your elbow and turn your palm up, so overhead movements or activities that require flexion of your elbow may cause pain. Patients often report increased discomfort when initiating activity. Night time symptoms are common, especially if you lie on your affected shoulder. Be sure to tell your doctor if you notice popping, catching, or locking during movements, as this may suggest an additional problem. A painful, loud “pop” followed by relief with a visible bulge in your biceps (Popeye deformity) suggests that your tendon has ruptured.
Surgery is rarely required for biceps tendon problems unless you are a young athlete or worker who performs exceptionally heavy physical activity and have completely ruptured your tendon. The most effective treatment for the majority of biceps tendinitis patients is conservative care, like the type provided in our office. Initially, you may need to avoid heavy or repetitive activity, (especially overhead activity and elbow flexion) as returning to activity too soon may prolog your recovery. You should specifically avoid military presses, upright rows, and wide grip bench presses until cleared by your doctor. You may use ice over your shoulder for 10-15 minutes at a time each hour. The exercises described below will be a very important part of your recovery and should be performed consistently.
What to expect with a trigger point massage.
A treatment with Bryan is very user friendly. And, no, you don’t have to remove any clothing. However, bringing a t-shirt and a pair of shorts or sweats is recommended.
The first time you come for a treatment you will be asked to fill out a Client History form. Bryan will go over the information you provide, asking for more detail and discussing the type of pain you are having and its location.
The treatment itself involves locating the Trigger Points in the muscle or soft tissue and applying a deep focused pressure to the Point. This will reproduce the pain and the referral pattern that is characteristic of that pain.
The treatment will be uncomfortable at first, but as the Trigger Points release, the pain will decrease. The pressure will always be adjusted to your tolerance level. If, at any time, you feel too uncomfortable you can ask Bryan to ease off a bit.
Depending on your specific problem, Bryan may also use some stretching and / or range-of-motion techniques, as needed.
After treatment, it is usually recommended that the client apply moist heat to the area treated.
Trigger points in the deltoid muscle.
The deltoid is the the muscle that is most often thought of as the “shoulder.” It is the diamond shaped muscle that caps the shoulder joint. It originates on the clavicle, the acromion, and the spine of the scapula. It inserts on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. As a whole unit the deltoid laterally abducts the humerus at the glenohumeral joint. The anterior portion of the delt forward flexes the arm, as well as horizontally flexing the arm across the chest. Since the deltoid is involved in almost all shoulder movements it is especially prone to trigger points. Points in the anterior deltoid refer into the anterior and lateral shoulder. Trigger points in the posterior deltoid refer pain into the posterior shoulder with spillover down the lateral arm. 
Another tunnel injury? Seriously?
Your radial nerve begins in your neck and travels past your elbow en route to its final destination in your hand. Just beyond your elbow, this nerve passes through a 2-inch area on the back of your forearm called the “Radial tunnel”. “Radial tunnel syndrome” means that your radial nerve has been compressed or irritated within this space-leading to forearm pain or hand weakness.
Radial tunnel syndrome is thought to result from muscular overuse, especially prolonged or excessive wrist extension or rotation. The most common cause of compression comes from excessive tightness in a muscle called the “Supinator”. Workers whose jobs require heavy or repetitive wrist movements are at an increased risk for this disorder. Occasionally, the radial nerve can become irritated from direct compression by a tight band or brace. The condition may be more common in those who have diabetes or thyroid problems.
Symptoms from irritation of the radial nerve depend upon which specific nerve fibers are irritated. The most common symptoms include pain, numbness, tingling or decreased sensitivity along the top of your forearm radiating toward your hand and thumb. The symptoms often mimic those of “tennis elbow.” When the nerve fibers that control muscle function become compressed, you may experience weakness when trying to extend your fingers, hand or wrist. Seventy percent of radial tunnel patients also have problems in their neck or upper back.
Conservative treatment of radial tunnel syndrome is generally successful. Fixing the problem means limiting excessive or repetitive wrist movements, especially extension and rotation. In severe cases, a splint may be necessary to limit your motion. Try to avoid compression of your forearm, particularly from tight bands or braces. Use of a tennis elbow brace will likely aggravate your symptoms. You may find relief by applying ice or ice massage to the area for 10-15 minutes at a time.
Trigger points in the pectoralis minor muscle.
The pectoralis minor is a small strap like muscle that is underneath (deep) to the pectoralis major. It originates on the third to fifth rib, near the costal cartilages. It’s insertion is on the coracoid process of the scapula. It acts to draw the scapula forward, downward, and inward at nearly equal angles ( think of rounding or shrugging your shoulders forward). This muscle is very often shortened and tight in people due to the high prevalence of desk jobs. This muscle pulls the shoulder blade forward resulting in the muscles in the back(rhomboid and mid traps) being chronically strained. Trigger points that form in the pec minor primarily refer pain over the anterior chest and shoulder, with spillover down the medial arm. Trigger points in the left side can mimic angina. 
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome…. Ever heard of it?
Your cubital tunnel is the groove on the inside of your elbow, also called the “funny bone.” The funny part about the funny bone is that it is not actually a bone but rather a nerve, called the ulnar nerve. Your ulnar nerve begins in your neck and passes through the cubital tunnel on its way to your hand.
When you flex your elbow, the ulnar nerve is required to both stretch and slide through your cubital tunnel. If your ulnar nerve is “stuck” in the tunnel and does not glide when you flex your elbow, this leads to traction and irritation of the nerve. This is called “cubital tunnel syndrome.” The nerve may also be irritated from direct compression, like leaning your elbow on the edge of a desk or from arthritic spurs. Cubital tunnel syndrome is the second most common nerve compression problem in the arm, behind carpal tunnel syndrome.
Irritation of the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel causes pain, numbness or tingling that radiates from your elbow into your fourth and fifth fingers. Your symptoms can vary from a vague increased sensitivity to pain. The symptoms are common at night and are often progressive over time. In severe cases, you may begin to lose grip strength and fine muscle control.
Cubital tunnel syndrome is commonly seen in baseball, tennis and racquetball players. Workers who keep their elbows flexed such as holding a tool or telephone, or those who press the ulnar nerve against a hard surface like a desk, are at an increased risk for this disorder. Cubital tunnel syndrome affects men three to eight times as often as women and is more common in those who have diabetes or are overweight.
You should try to avoid prolonged elbow flexion or direct pressure over your elbow. Our office may prescribe a nighttime elbow splint that limits flexion.
Aberdeen Chiropractic 